Info.and DataBase System - 10.1 - 10.9

                                                                 CHAPTER-10

INFORMATION SYSTEM AND DATABASE SYSTEM

Data: Collection of facts which can be  processed to produce information.

Information: Processed data with definite meaning.

                      Represent  facts or statistics, which have proper meaning.

10.2 TYPES OF INFORMATION:

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	STRATEGIC	TACTICAL	OPERATIONAL
DURATION	Long	Short	Day-to-day policies
PURPOSE	Decision to expand  business/not	Decision to run business  efficiently	Stock details/unpaid bill details
OBTAINABLE	Difficult	Easy through day to day	Easy through clerical processing
VOLUME	Less	More	More than tactical
HANDLING PERSON	CEO	Middle level manager	Line manager

IV. Statutory information: Reports which are required by law to be sent to government authorities. It requires straightforward processing of data.

10.5 QUALITIES OF INFORMAITON

QUALITY	How to ensure quality?
Accurate	Ensure correct input and processing rules
complete	Include all data
Trustworthy	Do not hide unpleasant information
Timely	Give at the right time
UP-to-date	include  all  data up to the present time
Relevant	understand  the  user  needs
Brief	summarize relevant information
significance/understandable	use attractive format and  graphical charts

10.6 Data   processing:  A series of actions  that converts data into  useful information.

Data Processing system: A system which includes the resources such as people, procedure, devices and  producing  desirable output with a process.

10.7 DATA PROCESSING CYCLE AND FUNCTIONS:

            1.Data collection:

a)      Data required for an organization may be available at various places.

b)      The source may include documents such as invoices, sales  orders and purchase orders.

2. Data Input: Data Input  to the data processing system.

            3. Data Process:

1.      Classification

2.      Sorting

3.      Verification

4.      Calculation

5.      Summarization

            4. Data storage :

1)      Stored data can be used in future.

2)      Storage can be on devices such as floppy disk, hard disk, magnetic tape and print out copies.

5.Data output : i)Helps in proper decision making and in the generation of more information.

                           ii)The output of data processing system is in the form of a report.

10.8 Types of Data Processing

Manual Data Processing

i)Tasks are executed by humans.

ii)Pre-processed data can be stored on papers.

iii)Processed data can be stored in the form of reports and files.

iv)Brain acts as a control, logical and storage  unit.

v)Disadvantages are slow system and data storage in papers because of large volume of data.

Electronic Data Processing

i)Data Processing speed increased.

ii)Processed data are accurate.

iii)To process the repeated and complex tasks , no tiresome.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANUAL DATA PROCESSING AND ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING

MANUAL DATA PROCESSING	ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
1. Large amount of paper.	No paper
2. Limited speed and accuracy	High-speed and greater accuracy
3. Limited data process and storage.	Large volume of data process and storage.
4.Cost of processing is high	Cost of processing is low.
5.Repeated tasks reduce the efficiency	Doesn't Reduce.

10.9TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM:

1.      Batch processing systems

2.       Real time systems

3.      On-line systems

4.       Distributed data systems

BATCH PROCESSING SYSTEM:

Definition: Data collected in batches, and the results obtained periodically

Applications :

a)      Payroll

b)      Financial accounting.

c)      Budget management

d)      Production planning  and control  

e)      Periodic sales analysis

          Advantages :

1.       Large volumes of data can be processed efficiently because of no interventions.

2.      Speed of data processing is determined by the speed of the computer in use and not by the speed of the operator.

Disadvantages of batch processing systems are:

1.      Increased turn-around time because of wait in line at each step

2.      Difficult to provide the desired priority scheduling.

Real time systems:

Definition: Responds to events before the events become obsolete.

            Applications:

1.      Banking systems.

2.      Air and ground traffic control

3.      Automatic radar connected defense systems.

           Advantages:

1.      Detection and correction of input errors

2.      Immediate error messages.

3.      Help-Messages to correct errors

4.      Available Source documents during errors.

Disadvantages :

1.Direct access devices have to be used.

2.Elaborate controls and backup procedures.

3.Input errors may damage the file.

            4.Difficult control checks.